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ForeignKey

ForeignKey(to: Model, *, name: str = None, unique: bool = False, nullable: bool = True, related_name: str = None, virtual: bool = False, onupdate: Union[ReferentialAction, str] = None, ondelete: Union[ReferentialAction, str] = None, **kwargs: Any) has required parameters to that takes target Model class.

Sqlalchemy column and Type are automatically taken from target Model.

  • Sqlalchemy column: class of a target Model primary key column
  • Type (used for pydantic): type of a target Model

Defining Models

To define a relation add ForeignKey field that points to related Model.

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from typing import Optional

import databases
import sqlalchemy

import ormar

database = databases.Database("sqlite:///db.sqlite")
metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()


class Department(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)


class Course(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)
    completed: bool = ormar.Boolean(default=False)
    department: Optional[Department] = ormar.ForeignKey(Department)

Reverse Relation

ForeignKey fields are automatically registering reverse side of the relation.

By default it's child (source) Model name + s, like courses in snippet below: 

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from typing import Optional

import databases
import sqlalchemy

import ormar

database = databases.Database("sqlite:///db.sqlite")
metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()


class Department(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)


class Course(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)
    completed: bool = ormar.Boolean(default=False)
    department: Optional[Department] = ormar.ForeignKey(Department)


department = await Department(name="Science").save()
course = Course(name="Math", completed=False, department=department)

print(department.courses[0])
# Will produce:
# Course(id=None,
#        name='Math',
#        completed=False,
#        department=Department(id=None, name='Science'))

Reverse relation exposes API to manage related objects also from parent side.

Skipping reverse relation

If you are sure you don't want the reverse relation you can use skip_reverse=True flag of the ForeignKey.

If you set skip_reverse flag internally the field is still registered on the other side of the relationship so you can: * filter by related models fields from reverse model * order_by by related models fields from reverse model

But you cannot: * access the related field from reverse model with related_name * even if you select_related from reverse side of the model the returned models won't be populated in reversed instance (the join is not prevented so you still can filter and order_by over the relation) * the relation won't be populated in dict() and json() * you cannot pass the nested related objects when populating from dictionary or json (also through fastapi). It will be either ignored or error will be raised depending on extra setting in pydantic Config.

Example:

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class Author(ormar.Model):
    class Meta(BaseMeta):
        pass

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    first_name: str = ormar.String(max_length=80)
    last_name: str = ormar.String(max_length=80)


class Post(ormar.Model):
    class Meta(BaseMeta):
        pass

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    title: str = ormar.String(max_length=200)
    author: Optional[Author] = ormar.ForeignKey(Author, skip_reverse=True)

# create sample data
author = Author(first_name="Test", last_name="Author")
post = Post(title="Test Post", author=author)

assert post.author == author  # ok
assert author.posts  # Attribute error!

# but still can use in order_by
authors = (
    await Author.objects.select_related("posts").order_by("posts__title").all()
)
assert authors[0].first_name == "Test"

# note that posts are not populated for author even if explicitly
# included in select_related - note no posts in dict()
assert author.dict(exclude={"id"}) == {"first_name": "Test", "last_name": "Author"}

# still can filter through fields of related model
authors = await Author.objects.filter(posts__title="Test Post").all()
assert authors[0].first_name == "Test"
assert len(authors) == 1

add

Adding child model from parent side causes adding related model to currently loaded parent relation, as well as sets child's model foreign key value and updates the model.

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department = await Department(name="Science").save()
course = Course(name="Math", completed=False) # note - not saved

await department.courses.add(course)
assert course.pk is not None # child model was saved
# relation on child model is set and FK column saved in db
assert course.department == department
# relation on parent model is also set
assert department.courses[0] == course

Warning

If you want to add child model on related model the primary key value for parent model has to exist in database.

Otherwise ormar will raise RelationshipInstanceError as it cannot set child's ForeignKey column value if parent model has no primary key value.

That means that in example above the department has to be saved before you can call department.courses.add().

Warning

This method will not work on ManyToMany relations - there, both sides of the relation have to be saved before adding to relation.

remove

Removal of the related model one by one.

In reverse relation calling remove() does not remove the child model, but instead nulls it ForeignKey value.

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# continuing from above
await department.courses.remove(course)
assert len(department.courses) == 0
# course still exists and was saved in remove
assert course.pk is not None
assert course.department is None

# to remove child from db
await course.delete()

But if you want to clear the relation and delete the child at the same time you can issue:

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# this will not only clear the relation 
# but also delete related course from db
await department.courses.remove(course, keep_reversed=False)

clear

Removal of all related models in one call.

Like remove by default clear() nulls the ForeigKey column on child model (all, not matter if they are loaded or not).

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# nulls department column on all courses related to this department
await department.courses.clear()

If you want to remove the children altogether from the database, set keep_reversed=False

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# deletes from db all courses related to this department 
await department.courses.clear(keep_reversed=False)

QuerysetProxy

Reverse relation exposes QuerysetProxy API that allows you to query related model like you would issue a normal Query.

To read which methods of QuerySet are available read below querysetproxy

But you can overwrite this name by providing related_name parameter like below:

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from typing import Optional

import databases
import sqlalchemy

import ormar

database = databases.Database("sqlite:///db.sqlite")
metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()


class Department(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)


class Course(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)
    completed: bool = ormar.Boolean(default=False)
    department: Optional[Department] = ormar.ForeignKey(Department, related_name="my_courses")


department = Department(name="Science")
course = Course(name="Math", completed=False, department=department)

print(department.my_courses[0])
# Will produce:
# Course(id=None,
#        name='Math',
#        completed=False,
#        department=Department(id=None, name='Science'))

Tip

The reverse relation on access returns list of wekref.proxy to avoid circular references.

Warning

When you provide multiple relations to the same model ormar can no longer auto generate the related_name for you. Therefore, in that situation you have to provide related_name for all but one (one can be default and generated) or all related fields.

Referential Actions

When an object referenced by a ForeignKey is changed (deleted or updated), ormar will set the SQL constraint specified by the ondelete and onupdate argument.

The possible values for ondelete and onupdate are found in ormar.ReferentialAction:

Note

Instead of ormar.ReferentialAction, you can directly pass string values to these two arguments, but this is not recommended because it will break the integrity.

CASCADE

Whenever rows in the parent (referenced) table are deleted (or updated), the respective rows of the child (referencing) table with a matching foreign key column will be deleted (or updated) as well. This is called a cascade delete (or update).

RESTRICT

A value cannot be updated or deleted when a row exists in a referencing or child table that references the value in the referenced table.

Similarly, a row cannot be deleted as long as there is a reference to it from a referencing or child table.

SET_NULL

Set the ForeignKey to None; this is only possible if nullable is True.

SET_DEFAULT

Set the ForeignKey to its default value; a server_default for the ForeignKey must be set.

Note

Note that the default value is not allowed and you must do this through server_default, which you can read about in this section.

DO_NOTHING

Take NO ACTION; NO ACTION and RESTRICT are very much alike. The main difference between NO ACTION and RESTRICT is that with NO ACTION the referential integrity check is done after trying to alter the table. RESTRICT does the check before trying to execute the UPDATE or DELETE statement. Both referential actions act the same if the referential integrity check fails: the UPDATE or DELETE statement will result in an error.

Relation Setup

You have several ways to set-up a relationship connection.

Model instance

The most obvious one is to pass a related Model instance to the constructor.

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from typing import Optional, Dict, Union

import databases
import sqlalchemy

import ormar

database = databases.Database("sqlite:///db.sqlite")
metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()


class Department(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)


class Course(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)
    completed: bool = ormar.Boolean(default=False)
    department: Optional[Union[Department, Dict]] = ormar.ForeignKey(Department)


department = Department(name="Science")

# set up a relation with actual Model instance
course = Course(name="Math", completed=False, department=department)

# set up  relation with only related model pk value
course2 = Course(name="Math II", completed=False, department=department.pk)

# set up a relation with dictionary corresponding to related model
course3 = Course(name="Math III", completed=False, department=department.dict())

# explicitly set up None
course4 = Course(name="Math III", completed=False, department=None)

Primary key value

You can setup the relation also with just the pk column value of the related model.

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from typing import Optional, Dict, Union

import databases
import sqlalchemy

import ormar

database = databases.Database("sqlite:///db.sqlite")
metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()


class Department(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)


class Course(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)
    completed: bool = ormar.Boolean(default=False)
    department: Optional[Union[Department, Dict]] = ormar.ForeignKey(Department)


department = Department(name="Science")

# set up a relation with actual Model instance
course = Course(name="Math", completed=False, department=department)

# set up  relation with only related model pk value
course2 = Course(name="Math II", completed=False, department=department.pk)

# set up a relation with dictionary corresponding to related model
course3 = Course(name="Math III", completed=False, department=department.dict())

# explicitly set up None
course4 = Course(name="Math III", completed=False, department=None)

Dictionary

Next option is with a dictionary of key-values of the related model.

You can build the dictionary yourself or get it from existing model with dict() method.

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from typing import Optional, Dict, Union

import databases
import sqlalchemy

import ormar

database = databases.Database("sqlite:///db.sqlite")
metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()


class Department(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)


class Course(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)
    completed: bool = ormar.Boolean(default=False)
    department: Optional[Union[Department, Dict]] = ormar.ForeignKey(Department)


department = Department(name="Science")

# set up a relation with actual Model instance
course = Course(name="Math", completed=False, department=department)

# set up  relation with only related model pk value
course2 = Course(name="Math II", completed=False, department=department.pk)

# set up a relation with dictionary corresponding to related model
course3 = Course(name="Math III", completed=False, department=department.dict())

# explicitly set up None
course4 = Course(name="Math III", completed=False, department=None)

None

Finally you can explicitly set it to None (default behavior if no value passed).

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from typing import Optional, Dict, Union

import databases
import sqlalchemy

import ormar

database = databases.Database("sqlite:///db.sqlite")
metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()


class Department(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)


class Course(ormar.Model):
    class Meta:
        database = database
        metadata = metadata

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    name: str = ormar.String(max_length=100)
    completed: bool = ormar.Boolean(default=False)
    department: Optional[Union[Department, Dict]] = ormar.ForeignKey(Department)


department = Department(name="Science")

# set up a relation with actual Model instance
course = Course(name="Math", completed=False, department=department)

# set up  relation with only related model pk value
course2 = Course(name="Math II", completed=False, department=department.pk)

# set up a relation with dictionary corresponding to related model
course3 = Course(name="Math III", completed=False, department=department.dict())

# explicitly set up None
course4 = Course(name="Math III", completed=False, department=None)

Warning

In all not None cases the primary key value for related model has to exist in database.

Otherwise an IntegrityError will be raised by your database driver library.